RESUMO
Cadmium is a toxic environmental pollutant that is readily absorbed by rice grains and poses serious threats to human health. The selection and breeding of rice varieties with low cadmium accumulation is one of the most economical and ecological methods to reduce cadmium exposure. In this study, two different indica rice grains under cadmium stress were subjected to mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis for the first time. When the cadmium concentration increased in rice grains, most carbohydrates and amino acids were down-regulated, except myoinositol that can prevent cadmium toxicity, which was up-regulated. d-Mannitol and l-cysteine were up-regulated with the increase of cadmium concentration in low-cadmium-accumulating rice. Also, organic acids were activated especially 13-(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatrienoicacid that is related to the alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and jasmonic acid production. The determination of biomarkers and characterization of metabolic pathways might be helpful for the selection of rice varieties with low cadmium accumulation.
Assuntos
Cádmio/toxicidade , Oryza/efeitos dos fármacos , Oryza/metabolismo , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/análise , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Cádmio/farmacocinética , Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Ácidos Linolênicos/metabolismo , Peróxidos Lipídicos/metabolismo , Manitol/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas , Metabolômica/métodos , Oryza/química , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Estruturas Vegetais/química , Poluentes do Solo/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
In a recent study, anthocyanins, which have a strong free radical-scavenging activity, were examined for their potential to effectively prevent cancer. However, clinical trials are limited by the purity of the anthocyanin. Multiple methods are used to extract and purify anthocyanins. Based on previous work on Solanum nigrum, which is a widely distributed plant, in this study, DM130 macroporous resin, Sephadex LH20, and a C18 column were used to separate cis-trans anthocyanin isomers. These anthocyanins constitute the majority of total S. nigrum anthocyanins. The results showed that this "DM130-LH20-C18 system" can be used to obtain a cinnamic acid-derived cis-trans anthocyanin, petunidin-3-(p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside, with a purity of 98.5%, for effective quantitation. In order to determine the antioxidant ability of the petunidin-3-(p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside cis-trans isomers, three ordinary methods were adopted. The maximum antioxidant ability of the cis-trans anthocyanin was dozens of times higher than that of vitamin C.